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<p><strong><code>JDK</code>是<code>java</code>语言的软件开发工具包，它包含了<code>java</code>的运行环境，工具集合，基础类库等内容</strong></p>
<hr>
<p><strong>Android SDK</strong></p>
<p><strong>是谷歌提供的 Android 开发包，在开发Android 项目的时候 我们需要引入<code>Android SDK</code> 来使用Android 的相关<code>API</code></strong></p>
<hr>
<span id="more"></span>

<p>分析你的第一个Android程序 根目录</p>
<p><img src="https://gcore.jsdelivr.net/gh/PaulGeorge123/cloudimg@master/img/all/image-20200809163923164.png"></p>
<p>1 . gradle和.idea</p>
<p>这两个目录下放置的都是Android Studio自动生成的一些文件，我们无须关心，也不要去手动编辑。</p>
<p>2 . app</p>
<p>项目中的代码、资源等内容几乎都是放置在这个目录下的，我们后面的开发工作也基本都是在这个目录下进行的，待会儿还会对这个目录单独展开进行讲解。</p>
<p><img src="https://gcore.jsdelivr.net/gh/PaulGeorge123/cloudimg@master/img/all/image-20200809164747194.png"></p>
<p>3 . build</p>
<p>这个目录你也不需要过多关心，它主要包含了一些在编译时自动生成的文件。</p>
<p>4 . gradle 类似php的composer</p>
<p>这个目录下包含了gradle wrapper的配置文件，使用gradle wrapper的方式不需要提前将gradle下载好，而是会自动根据本地的缓存情况决定是否需要联网下载gradle。Android Studio默认没有启用gradle wrapper的方式，如果需要打开，可以点击Android Studio导航栏→File→Settings→Build, Execution, Deployment→Gradle，进行配置更改。</p>
<p>5 . .gitignore</p>
<p>这个文件是用来将指定的目录或文件排除在版本控制之外的，关于版本控制我们将在第5章中开始正式的学习。</p>
<p>6 . build.gradle</p>
<p>这是项目全局的gradle构建脚本，通常这个文件中的内容是不需要修改的。稍后我们将会详细分析gradle构建脚本中的具体内容。</p>
<p><img src="https://gcore.jsdelivr.net/gh/PaulGeorge123/cloudimg@master/img/all/image-20200809164302555.png"></p>
<p>7 . gradle.properties</p>
<p>这个文件是全局的gradle配置文件，在这里配置的属性将会影响到项目中所有的gradle编译脚本。</p>
<p>8 . gradlew和gradlew.bat</p>
<p>这两个文件是用来在命令行界面中执行gradle命令的，其中gradlew是在Linux或Mac系统中使用的，gradlew.bat是在Windows系统中使用的。</p>
<p>9 . HelloWorld.iml</p>
<p>iml文件是所有IntelliJ IDEA项目都会自动生成的一个文件（Android Studio是基于IntelliJ IDEA开发的），用于标识这是一个IntelliJ IDEA项目，我们不需要修改这个文件中的任何内容。</p>
<p>10 . local.properties</p>
<p>这个文件用于指定本机中的Android SDK路径，通常内容都是自动生成的，我们并不需要修改。除非你本机中的Android SDK位置发生了变化，那么就将这个文件中的路径改成新的位置即可。</p>
<p>11 . settings.gradle</p>
<p>这个文件用于指定项目中所有引入的模块。由于HelloWorld项目中就只有一个app模块，因此该文件中也就只引入了app这一个模块。通常情况下模块的引入都是自动完成的，需要我们手动去修改这个文件的场景可能比较少。</p>
<hr>
<p>app目录</p>
<p>1 . build</p>
<p>这个目录和外层的build目录类似，主要也是包含了一些在编译时自动生成的文件，不过它里面的内容会更多更杂，我们不需要过多关心。</p>
<p>2 . libs</p>
<p>如果你的项目中使用到了第三方jar包，就需要把这些jar包都放在libs目录下，放在这个目录下的jar包都会被自动添加到构建路径里去。</p>
<p>3 . androidTest</p>
<p>此处是用来编写Android Test测试用例的，可以对项目进行一些自动化测试。</p>
<p>4 . java</p>
<p>毫无疑问，java目录是放置我们所有Java代码的地方，展开该目录，你将看到我们刚才创建的HelloWorldActivity文件就在里面。</p>
<p>5 . res</p>
<p>这个目录下的内容就有点多了。简单点说，就是你在项目中使用到的所有图片、布局、字符串等资源都要存放在这个目录下。当然这个目录下还有很多子目录，</p>
<p>图片放在drawable目录下，</p>
<p>布局放在layout目录下，</p>
<p>字符串放在values目录下，</p>
<p>所以你不用担心会把整个res目录弄得乱糟糟的。</p>
<p>6 . AndroidManifest.xml</p>
<p>这是你整个Android项目的配置文件，你在程序中定义的所有四大组件都需要在这个文件里注册，另外还可以在这个文件中给应用程序添加权限声明。由于这个文件以后会经常用到，我们用到的时候再做详细说明。</p>
<figure class="highlight xml"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&lt;?xml version=<span class="string">&quot;1.0&quot;</span> encoding=<span class="string">&quot;utf-8&quot;</span>?&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">manifest</span> <span class="attr">xmlns:android</span>=<span class="string">&quot;http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android&quot;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag">    <span class="attr">package</span>=<span class="string">&quot;com.ase&quot;</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">application</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag">        <span class="attr">android:allowBackup</span>=<span class="string">&quot;true&quot;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag">        <span class="attr">android:icon</span>=<span class="string">&quot;@mipmap/ic_launcher&quot;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag">        <span class="attr">android:label</span>=<span class="string">&quot;@string/app_name&quot;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag">        <span class="attr">android:roundIcon</span>=<span class="string">&quot;@mipmap/ic_launcher_round&quot;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag">        <span class="attr">android:supportsRtl</span>=<span class="string">&quot;true&quot;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag">        <span class="attr">android:theme</span>=<span class="string">&quot;@style/AppTheme&quot;</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">activity</span> <span class="attr">android:name</span>=<span class="string">&quot;.MainActivity&quot;</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">            <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">intent-filter</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">                <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">action</span> <span class="attr">android:name</span>=<span class="string">&quot;android.intent.action.MAIN&quot;</span> /&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">                <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">category</span> <span class="attr">android:name</span>=<span class="string">&quot;android.intent.category.LAUNCHER&quot;</span> /&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">            <span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">intent-filter</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">activity</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">application</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">manifest</span>&gt;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>7 . test</p>
<p>此处是用来编写Unit Test测试用例的，是对项目进行自动化测试的另一种方式。</p>
<p>8 . .gitignore</p>
<p>这个文件用于将app模块内的指定的目录或文件排除在版本控制之外，作用和外层的.gitignore文件类似。</p>
<p>9 . app.iml</p>
<p>IntelliJ IDEA项目自动生成的文件，我们不需要关心或修改这个文件中的内容。</p>
<p>10 . build.gradle</p>
<p>这是app模块的gradle构建脚本，这个文件中会指定很多项目构建相关的配置，我们稍后将会详细分析gradle构建脚本中的具体内容。</p>
<figure class="highlight groovy"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">apply <span class="attr">plugin:</span> <span class="string">&#x27;com.android.application&#x27;</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">android &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    compileSdkVersion <span class="number">30</span></span><br><span class="line">    buildToolsVersion <span class="string">&quot;30.0.1&quot;</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    defaultConfig &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        applicationId <span class="string">&quot;com.ase&quot;</span></span><br><span class="line">        minSdkVersion <span class="number">17</span></span><br><span class="line">        targetSdkVersion <span class="number">30</span></span><br><span class="line">        versionCode <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">        versionName <span class="string">&quot;1.0&quot;</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        testInstrumentationRunner <span class="string">&quot;androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner&quot;</span></span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    buildTypes &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        release &#123;</span><br><span class="line">            minifyEnabled <span class="literal">false</span></span><br><span class="line">            proguardFiles getDefaultProguardFile(<span class="string">&#x27;proguard-android-optimize.txt&#x27;</span>), <span class="string">&#x27;proguard-rules.pro&#x27;</span></span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">dependencies &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    implementation fileTree(<span class="attr">dir:</span> <span class="string">&quot;libs&quot;</span>, <span class="attr">include:</span> [<span class="string">&quot;*.jar&quot;</span>])</span><br><span class="line">    implementation <span class="string">&#x27;androidx.appcompat:appcompat:1.1.0&#x27;</span></span><br><span class="line">    implementation <span class="string">&#x27;androidx.constraintlayout:constraintlayout:1.1.3&#x27;</span></span><br><span class="line">    testImplementation <span class="string">&#x27;junit:junit:4.12&#x27;</span></span><br><span class="line">    androidTestImplementation <span class="string">&#x27;androidx.test.ext:junit:1.1.1&#x27;</span></span><br><span class="line">    androidTestImplementation <span class="string">&#x27;androidx.test.espresso:espresso-core:3.2.0&#x27;</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>第一行应用了一个插件，一般有两种值可选：<code>com.android.application</code>表示这是一个应用程序模块，<code>com.android.library</code>表示这是一个库模块。应用程序模块和库模块的最大区别在于，一个是可以直接运行的，一个只能作为代码库依附于别的应用程序模块来运行。</p>
<p>接下来是一个大的android闭包，在这个闭包中我们可以配置项目构建的各种属性。其中，</p>
<p><code>compileSdkVersion</code></p>
<p>用于指定项目的编译版本，这里指定成30表示使用Android 7.0系统的<code>SDK</code>编译。</p>
<p><code>buildToolsVersion</code></p>
<p>用于指定项目构建工具的版本，目前最新的版本就是30.0.1，</p>
<p>如果有更新的版本时，Android Studio会进行提示。</p>
<p>然后我们看到，这里在android闭包中又嵌套了一个<code>defaultConfig</code>闭包，<code>defaultConfig</code>闭包中可以对项目的更多细节进行配置。</p>
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